Today we are going to look at two of the most popular types of cedar, Western Red Cedar and Alaskan Yellow Cedar. Using Western Red Cedar for building a deck, fence, siding, or patio cover is … Other types of harvest (for planks, tinder, and other uses) leave different types of evidence of cultural modification. In particular, many people specifically requested the tree and its brethren not to fall or drop heavy branches on the harvester,[58] a situation which is mentioned in a number of different stories of people who were not sufficiently careful. In its unshredded state cedar bark is cut in strips of varying widths, the broader ones plaited to serve as dishes or as individual plates, as used by the Cowlitz, who also interweave cedar and maple to make larger platters. It is harvested for use in making mats, rope and cordage, basketry, rain hats, clothing, and other soft goods. The Quileute string dried clams and smelts for storage on strips of cedar bark. Western red cedar, hardy in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 5 through 8, grows to over 200 feet tall in its native range along the Pacific coast. Earle, 2002.06.15]. Known for thei… Many cultivars are grown for ornament, including those used for hedges. Hardy to Zone 6 (cold hardiness limit between -23.2°C and -17.8°C) (Bannister and Neuner 2001). This 1987 photo shows the tree shortly after the entire surrounding stand had been clearcut. Alexander Walker, an ensign on the fur trade ship Captain Cook, reported that the indigenous peoples used an elbow adze, which they valued over tools brought by the Europeans, such as the saw or the axe, going so far as to modify traded tools back into an adze. Harrington, C. A. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre. Description: This native conifer's strong pyramidal form and gray-red fibrous bark are an appreciated site throughout Pacific Northwest gardens. The power of the redcedar tree was said to be so strong a person could receive strength by standing with his or her back to the tree. Some theories include shipwrecks from East Asia or possible contact with iron-using cultures from Siberia, as hinted in the more advanced woodworking found in northern tribes such as the Tlingit.[54][55][56][57]. Adaptable to high pH (alkaline) soils. Red cedar was used extensively wherever it was found along the northwest coast (British Columbia, Washington state, Parts of Alaska). It has remarkable strength. The current record holder is the Cheewhat Lake Cedar on the west coast of Vancouver Island (an area that can generally be described as the happy hunting ground for giant redcedars), which has a wood volume of 449 cubic meters, a dbh of 584 cm, and a height of 55.5 m. The tallest known is 71.3 m for a tree near the Grove of the Patriarchs in Mt. Because of its favorable performance, Western Red Cedar can be used for interior finish in some building applications where other species would not be permitted. Western red cedar will remain dimensionally stable under most weather conditions and is not prone to shrinkage or swelling. With increment core-sized samples of western redcedar heartwood, we used gas chromatography to measure tropolone content and soil block tests to assess decay resistance. The pollen cones are 3 to 4 mm (0.12 to 0.16 in) long, red or purple at first, and shed yellow pollen in spring.[11][12]. The species name plicata derives from the Latin word plicÄre and means "folded in plaits" or "braided," a reference to the pattern of its small leaves. Western redcedar is generally the preferred material for totem poles. The foliage is bifacially flattened and the foliar units (sprays) have many alternate lateral shoots in T. plicata; in C. nootkatensis the branchlets are 4-angled and the foliar units have fewer lateral shoots and, generally, are less symmetrical in form. Approximately 5% of workers are allergic to western red cedar. Sun foliage differs in that sprays are more flexible and less planar, with smallest shoots upturned and nearly round. The Lower Chehalis use cedar bark for clothing, while the Upper Chehalis depend more on skins, a situation duplicated whenever a tribe is divided into a salt-water and an up-river group. While western redcedar is a host to P. weirii, the fungus which causes the disease laminated root rot, redcedar is rated as resistant while other conifers are rated as highly susceptible or susceptible. Typically the bark was removed around the base of the tree above the buttresses. see more; Synonyms Thuja gigantea Thuja lobbii. Shade leaves scale-like, decurrent, opposite in 4 ranks, each leaf green, glabrous, 1-6 mm long including decurrent base (shortest at tips, longest at base of shoot), acute to abruptly acuminate, often mucronate; stomata forming an irregular patch on the lower side of each leaf. Bark harvesting was mostly done by women, despite the danger of climbing 10 meters in the air, because they were the primary makers of bark goods.[67]. Lambert, A. Thuja plicata, commonly called western red cedar[2] or Pacific red cedar,[3] giant arborvitae or western arborvitae,[3] giant cedar,[3] or shinglewood,[3] is a species of Thuja, an evergreen coniferous tree in the cypress family Cupressaceae native to western North America. Cedar: Tree of Life to the Northwest Coast Indians. Rainier National Park, measured a few years before 1996 (Van Pelt 1996, with a 2018 email confirmation); this tree is believed to still be alive, though a remeasurement would be useful. B. Historically, western red cedar (also known as western redcedar) was a very important plant for the indigenous or First Nations people who lived in the coastal area. Located near the northwest shore of Lake Quinault north of Aberdeen, Washington, about 34 km (21 mi) from the Pacific Ocean, it was one-third the volume of the largest known tree, a giant sequoia named "General Sherman". In the American horticultural trade, it is also known as the giant arborvitae, by comparison with arborvitae for its close relative Thuja occidentalis. The Cowlitz boil the tips and mix them with some roots... for a cold medicine. The charcoal of cedar wood mixed with salmon eggs is used by the Quinault to rub on canoe paddles, which are held in pitch wood smoke and then rubbed with green grass to produce a lasting shiny black. Bark red-brown or (particularly when exposed to sunlight) gray-brown, 10-25 mm thick, fibrous with shallow longitudinal fissures, easily peeled. Branches arching, branchlets pendent in planar (slightly concave downward) sprays 15-50 cm long × 5-15 cm wide, each spray representing 1-2 years' growth, a spray consisting of a central shoot and 14-30 alternate lateral shoots (see image at right). For specific Western Red Cedar siding grades, please visit the siding grading page. The wood typically used as an insect-repelling closet lining and to make cedar chests is a different species, Juniperus virginiana (also known as red cedar). Description; Applications; Suppliers; Western red cedar is a large softwood that grows in British Columbia and some of the nearby western states of the USA including Washington, Oregon, Montana and Idaho. Me and Bob Van Pelt measuring the "Big Mother Cedar" in Clayoquot Sound, British Columbia [Adrian Dorst, 1999.12]. Among the Lummi, a boy takes the boughs he has used to rub himself before a guardian spirit quest and fastens them to the top of a cedar tree. A description of the genus Pinus, V. 2, P. 19. Western red cedar is a tree that grows to a height of 125 ft (60 m) in moist soils in mixed coniferous forests. [40] Plicatic acid is believed to be the main irritant and contact allergen responsible for provoking allergic reactions and asthma exaggeration and leading to occupational asthma in woodworkers that are exposed to western red cedar wood dust. Wood reddish, fragrant, light, with a very straight grain (Chambers 1993, pers. Western red cedar, air dried and machined to DAR or mouldings for all interior or exterior joinery applications. [45] Basic and animal studies have shown that thujaplicins may have other biological properties, including antibacterial, antiviral and antioxidant activities,[46] however reliable evidence on their effectiveness is still lacking. The lining and head band of the rain hat were made of split cedar by the Quinault, Quileute, and Makah. It has red-brown or gray-brown bark with thick longitudinal fissures that is easily peeled. Woodworking tools dating between 8000 and 5000 years ago, such as carved antlers, were discovered in shell middens at the Glenrose site, near Vancouver, British Columbia. Tales say that a person could receive its strength just by standing with their back to the tree. For many people in the US this is what comes to mind when the word cedar … To prevent this, the harvester usually only harvests from trees which have not been stripped before. In Native American culture, the power of the western red cedar tree was said to be so strong that a person could receive its strength by merely standing with his back to the tree. If it were to be used for a totem pole or building materials, it would be towed in the round to the village. Roots are also used by the Quinault for sewing the corners of wooden boxes. The heartwood of western red cedar contains different chemical substances, such as plicatic acid, thujaplicatin methyl ether, hinokitiol and other thujaplicins, β-thujaplicinol, thujic acid, methyl thujate, 1,4-cineole and γ-eudesmol. In this legend, there was a generous man who gave the people whatever they needed. The seeds are 4 to 5 mm long and 1 mm (0.039 in) broad, with a narrow papery wing down each side. Western Red Cedar is a species of wood whose lumber can be used in a variety of ways. The "Quinault Lake Red Cedar" was destroyed by a series of storms in 2014 and 2016 and is now only a glorified stump. Wood and Fiber Science 29(4):364-369. [52] In Yuquot, on the west coast of Vancouver Island, tools dating 4000 to 3000 years old have been found. Gartner. Thuja plicata is among the most widespread trees in the Pacific Northwest. The Squaxin make the herring rake of cedar. The wood is light, durable, and easy to work with. Tools made of Western Red Cedar have been found in … The US Occupational Safety and Health Administration has set a permissible exposure limit for red cedar dust of 2.5 mg/m3 as a time-weighted average over 8 hours. Bark red-brown or (particularly when exposed to sunlight) gray-brown, 10-25 mm thick, fibrous with shallow longitudinal fissures, easily peeled. Cedar limbs, singed, were used by the Lummi as a broom to sweep off the walls of a house after the removal of the corpse. widely spread across western North America, from Alaska to California. I recommend the DeVoto Memorial Cedar Grove (. Farmed, using specimen seedlings, and trimmings. Western Red Cedar. Limited usefulness due to poor circuit uniformity. 996. "Redcedar has been called 'the cornerstone of northwest coast Indian culture' and the large-scale use of its wood and bark delineates the cultural boundary of the northwest coast peoples within its range. One of the greatest collections of in-situ (more or less) totem poles is at the Gitxsan village of Gitwangak, British Columbia, on the northern bank of the Skeena River [C.J. This series of volumes, privately printed, provides some of the most engaging descriptions of conifers ever published. In recent years there has been a revival of cedar weaving in some communities, and along with it, new forms of cedar bark products. Grown in North America, Western Red Cedar is renowned for its high impermeability to liquids and its natural phenol preservatives, which make it ideally suited for exterior use and interior use where humidity is high. Felling of large trees such as redcedar before the introduction of steel tools was a complex and time-consuming art. Second-year twigs brown, sheathed in dead leaves that are mostly fallen from the 3rd-year and older twigs, which are smooth, lustrous red-brown aging to dark grey, fibrous bark becoming noticeable on branches more than about 2 cm diameter. It was easily accessed by an interpretive trail, now officially closed but shown on pre-2016 maps. Historically, western red cedar (also known as western redcedar) was a very important plant for the indigenous or First Nations people who lived in the coastal area. [41] Thujaplicins serve as natural fungicides,[42][25] and thereby prevent the wood from rotting. In 1893 the tree died in a fire and in 1916 the drive-through tunnel was cut. 1997. Nature 353:156-158. Cones and foliage on a tree in Olympia, Washington [C.J. jemail("earlecj", "gmail", "com"); Cultural materials made from redcedar wood: bentwood boxes and utensils [Dr. Linda B. Brubaker]. This tree originally grew by the old highway 99 west of Arlington, Washington. To remove bark high up, a pair of platforms strung on rope around the tree are used and the harvester climbs by alternating between them for support. Western Red Cedar offers the advantages of natural beauty, design flexibility, exceptional dimensional stability and long term durability. A spray of foliage, 15 cm long, upper side [C.J. When First Nations people removed the bark from cedars, it left a scar - which is considered a CMT. For many purposes cedar bark is dyed with alder juice to give it a rich red-brown color. They are split fine and used for the foundation, then trimmed more carefully for the sewing element. [11][12], The foliage forms flat sprays with scale-like leaves in opposite pairs, with successive pairs at 90 degrees to each other. Western or Pacific redcedar, giant or western arborvitae, giant cedar, canoe cedar, shinglewood, is an evergreen coniferous tree in the cypress family Cupressaceae, native to Western North America. To appreciate the material, medical and spiritual value of cedar to Northwest Coast peoples, consider the diversity of uses cited by Gunther in her 1945 review of ethnobotany among surviving western Washington native peoples: "Throughout the whole Northwest the wood most extensively used by the Indians is cedar. [9], The species is naturalized in Britain. It is the second-most common cause of decay in western redcedar following P. weirii. The western red cedar can grow over 60 meters in height. Canoe bailers are folded of large pieces of cedar bark and lashed with wild cherry bark. A pleasant path winds through the Bernard DeVoto Cedar Grove in Idaho [C.J. Indigenous to. For its weight it is quite strong but can be brittle. Other names include giant redcedar, Pacific redcedar, shinglewood, British Columbia cedar, canoe cedar, and red cedar. This was mentioned by Swan and also by present-day informants. Pollen cones 1-3 mm, borne in a cup formed by two leaf pairs at the tips of lateral spray branchlets. Western red cedar, an ornamental and timber evergreen conifer of the cypress family (Cupressaceae), native to the Pacific coast of North America. Plant it in a moist site for it to flourish. Van Pelt also reports the second-tallest tree on record, 69.7 m, in a study plot at Carbon River, Mount Rainier National Park (Van Pelt email 2018.07.19). This low-lying mosaic of swamps and estuaries represents a habitat long since destroyed in the U.S. by logging, and is (unlike many similar forests in BC) readily accessible. Evidence of this use is found in CMTs (Culturally Modified Trees) that are found throughout the coast. T. plicata produces organic compounds called tropolones that are concentrated in the heartwood and give the wood its decay resistance and contribute to its distinctive aroma (DeBell et al. Tolerant of dry, windy conditions once established. Western Red Cedar Scientific Name: Thuja plicata. obs.). Robert Van Pelt, 1999.07.28). A wide variety of forms, sizes, and colours is available.[35]. A variety of hand mauls, wedges, chisels, and knives are also used. "The roots of the cedar tree are used widely, in both western and eastern Washington, for the coiled and imbricated basket. Earle, 2009.10.06]. Family Cupressaceae . House planks, house posts, roof boards, and canoes are made exclusively of this wood. The only part of this area where cedar is not used for basketry is on the Pacific coast from the Quinault northward, where spruce [Picea sitchensis] is substituted. Whalers put piles of cedar branches under their beds to make themselves ready for the hunt and to ward off bad luck. 1996. Seeds 8-14 per cone, 4-7.5 mm (including wings), reddish brown. Extremely durable. (tech. Rather than forming a single column of decay in the heartwood, though, P. sericeomollis tends to cause rings or pockets of decay in the lower bole. Foliar morphology differs between sun and shade foliage. Earle, 1987.04.04]. An evergreen tree grown for its deep green foliage, the Western red cedar (Thuja plicata) is a versatile landscaping plant … The wood of this tree is resistant to decay and damage by insects. Earle, 2017.08.05]. Although they only treat species cultivated in the U.K. and Ireland, and the taxonomy is a bit dated, still these accounts are thorough, treating such topics as species description, range, varieties, exceptionally old or tall specimens, remarkable trees, and cultivation. The Quinault make an infusion of the bark and twigs for kidney trouble. (1999). Then the cut would be packed with tinder and small kindling and slowly burned. Analyzing tropolone content of western redcedar increment cores is a useful way to assess decay resistance of standing trees. "Equally as useful as the wood is the bark of the cedar tree [see photos], in fact there is no single item so ubiquitous in the Indian household. [28] The tallest known individual is the Willaby Creek Tree south of Lake Quinault, 195 feet (59 m) in height. The "Quinault Lake Redcedar" was the largest known western redcedar in the world, with a wood volume of 17,650 cubic feet (500 m3). Western red cedar, Thuja plicata. In searching for roots for basketry, the Squaxin were anxious to get those lying under rotten logs. A spray of foliage, 15 cm long, lower side [C.J. The Quinault boil an infusion of cedar limbs to wash sores due to venereal diseases. [32], A redcedar over 71 m (233 ft) tall, 4.5 m (15 ft) in diameter, and over 700 years old stood in Cathedral Grove on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, before it was set on fire and destroyed by vandals in 1972. Description. Other uses of bark are still common for artistic or practical purposes. [29] Western Red Cedar’s flame spread rating and smoke developed classification compare well with the ratings of many other species of both softwood and hardwood. Description. [25] Because of these natural defenses, it has been suggested that western redcedar may serve as a suitable alternative to other conifers when regenerating a site affected by these pathogens. 1997). Western Red Cedar Thuja plicata. It is found at the elevation range of sea level to a maximum of 2,290 m (7,510 ft) above sea level at Crater Lake in Oregon. It is shredded fine enough to be used as padding for infants' cradles, as sanitary pads, as towels.
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