All fresh or dry parts of the plant are toxic. Temporary cardiac pacing will be required in many cases (usually for a few days) until the toxin is excreted. Its relatively fine texture sets it apart from other landscape plants with less refined foliage. Some dwarf cultivars stay as low as 3 to 5 feet. The toxicity of oleander renders it deer-resistant and its large size makes for a good windbreak – as suc… Plants may suffer damage or die back in such marginal climates during severe winter cold but will rebound from the roots. The plant has a leaf like that of the almond, but smaller, and the flower is red like a rose. In some protected areas mature plants may reach up to 20 feet tall. Many cultivars, like 'Hawaii' or 'Turner's Carnival', are multi-colored, with brilliant striped corollas. It is grown without protection in southern England and can reach great sizes in London and to a lesser extent in Paris[21] due to the urban heat island effect. [42], Poisoning and reactions to oleander plants are evident quickly, requiring immediate medical care in suspected or known poisonings of both humans and animals. These murals include the famous garden scene from the House of Livia at Prima Porta outside Rome, and those from the House of the Wedding of Alexander and the Marine Venus in Pompeii.[56]. [6] They were found to have been planted in a decorative arrangement with citron trees (Citrus medica) alongside the villa's swimming pool. Nerium oleander is the only species currently classified in the genus Nerium. The Nerium oleander plant -- also known as Jericho rose -- captivates many with its delicate form and showy, fragrant flowers. It holds up well as a street planting. Ingestion of larger amounts may cause nausea, vomiting, excess salivation, abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea and irregular heart rhythm. The plant belongs to the family Apocynaceae (the dogbane family), one of the largest plant families. Retrieved on 2018-03-26. International Oleander Society: Information on Oleander toxicity. [71], Unusual yellow-flowered variety. Oleander (Nerium oleander) is a fragrant flowering evergreen shrub or small tree that is in bloom from spring through fall. Die-back may cease during winter dormancy, but the disease flares up in summer heat while the shrub is actively growing, which allows the bacteria to spread through the xylem of the plant. Nerium oleander, commonly called oleander, is an upright, rounded evergreen sub-tropical to tropical shrub that is valued for its abundant, fragrant, summer to fall flowers. [45] Symptoms of a poisoned horse include severe diarrhea and abnormal heartbeat. A digitoxin-like cardiac glycoside, oleandrin, is responsible for this plant’s toxicity. Remove and destroy any leaves damaged by leaf spot. The plant has been described under a wide variety of names that are today considered its synonyms:[11][12]. Eretz VeTeva, January–February 1995 (in Hebrew). Some scholars believe it to be the rhodon (rose), also called the 'Rose of Jericho', mentioned in apocryphal writings (Ecclesiasticus XXIV, 13)[49] dating back to between 450 and 180 BC.[50][51]. With pruning, oleander can be kept at a shrub height, or it can be trained into a small tree reaching between 10 and 18 feet tall. Activated charcoal may also be administered to help absorb any remaining toxins. [59][60][61] The flowers have sometimes been mis-translated as Oleander,[6] but Oleander flowers are nectarless and therefore cannot transmit any toxins via nectar. The species is hermaphrodite (has both male and female organs). (eds.) Cuttings may be taken in late summer. Ther… [32] Once they are dormant they require little light and only occasional watering. Carbonized fragments of oleander wood have been identified at the Villa Poppaea in Oplontis, likewise buried by the eruption of Vesuvius in A.D. It produces fragrant, showy clusters of flowers from around May to October, coming in several color varieties. The fruit is a long narrow pair of follicles, which splits open at maturity to release numerous downy seeds. It is in leaf all year, in flower from June to October. From board-certified doctors and trusted medical professionals. This fast-growing evergreen shrub or small tree can be used in your garden as a living screen or wall. The flowers form in large clusters and come in shades of white, yellow, pink, and red. They therefore receive very few visits, as typical of many rewardless flower species. No serious insect or disease problems. It is so widely cultivated that no precise region of origin has been identified, though it is usually associated with the Mediterranean Basin. [28] This malaise can continue for several years until the plant completely dies—there is no known cure. 2 photos. 2004. Oleander is a vigorous grower in warm subtropical regions, where it is extensively used as an ornamental plantin parks, along roadsides and in private gardens. They tolerate a wide range of conditions, including difficult soil, salt spray, high pH, severe pruning, reflected heat from pavements and walls, and drought. Many cultivars are available in commerce with single or double flowers and in dwarf (2-4’ tall), medium (5-8’ tall) and large (9-20’ tall) plants. [26] The actual flower referenced by Pliny was Azalea/Rhododendron, which is still used in Turkey to produce a hallucinogenic honey.[62]. Caterpillars of the polka-dot wasp moth (Syntomeida epilais) feed specifically on oleanders and survive by eating only the pulp surrounding the leaf-veins, avoiding the fibers. 79. Oleander is a plant. In Mediterranean climates oleanders can be expected to bloom from April through October, with the heaviest bloom usually occurring between May and June. Retrieved on 2009-07-27. For the underworld in Babylonian mythology, see, "Oleander" redirects here. This inhibits the circulation of water in the tissue of the plant, causing individual branches to die until the entire plant is consumed. Nerium oleander contains xylem and phloem, which aid in transportation in the plant. Extremities may become pale and cold due to poor or irregular circulation. Some of the deaths from oleander are accidental but others are due to suicide. Oleander is a good choice for informal hedges, shrub borders, and screen plantings. Prolonged contact with sap may cause skin irritation, eye inflamation and dermatitis. Pruning oleander (Nerium oleander) grown in the ground. Oleander (Nerium oleander) is another extremely toxic ornamental shrub. Hardy versions like white, red and pink oleander will tolerate occasional light frost down to −10 °C (14 °F), though the leaves may be damaged. Larvae of the common crow butterfly (Euploea core) and oleander hawk-moth (Daphnis nerii) also feed on oleanders, and they retain or modify toxins, making them unpalatable to potential predators such as birds, but not to other invertebrates such as spiders and wasps. Answers (1)ASK A DOCTOR. [26][27] Fears of honey contamination with toxic oleander nectar are therefore unsubstantiated. [55], Oleander was a very popular ornamental shrub in Roman peristyle gardens; it is one of the flora most frequently depicted on murals in Pompeii and elsewhere in Italy. Oleander is a large, glabrous, ornamental evergreen shrub with a milky juice. All parts of this plant are poisonous if ingested. The origins of the taxonomic name Nerium oleander, first assigned by Linnaeus in 1753, are disputed. They are often, but not always, sweet-scented. The flowers require insect visits to set seed, and seem to be pollinated through a deception mechanism. Winter hardy to USDA Zones 8-10. Blossom: In warm areas all-year, otherwise May to October 11. panicles in white or rose-coloured 12. The dried or fresh branches should not be used for spearing food, for preparing a cooking fire, or as a food skewer. Different names for oleander are used around the world in different locations, so, when encountering a plant with this appearance, regardless of the name used for it, one should exercise great care and caution to avoid ingestion of any part of the plant, including its sap and dried leaves or twigs. Oleander has historically been considered a poisonous plant because some of its compounds may exhibit toxicity, especially to animals, when consumed in large amounts. [Note 3] The fruit is a long narrow pair of follicles 5–23 cm (2.0–9.1 in) long, which splits open at maturity to release numerous downy seeds. [28] The disease has since decimated hundreds of thousands of shrubs mainly in Southern California, but also on a smaller scale in Arizona, Nevada and Texas. Symptoms of leaf scorch infection may be slow to manifest themselves, but it becomes evident when parts of otherwise healthy oleanders begin to yellow and wither, as if scorched by heat or fire. Do … 160 kinds 7. These plants are adaptable to a variety of soils, and they flourish in heat and full sun while also being drought-tolerant. Because oleander is extremely bitter, officials speculated that the toddlers had developed a condition caused by malnutrition, pica, which causes people to eat otherwise inedible material. Nerium oleander is in the same plant family as vinca and mandevilla, and you can see the family resemblance in the brightly colored, flared, tube-shaped flowers. Leaves: leathery, lan… It grows to heights between 6.5' and 19.5' tall and 6' to 10' wide. 5.0 out of 5 stars 7. In Zones 8-10, these plants are used in a variety of landscape applications including hedges, screens, foundation plantings and borders. Over 400 cultivars have been named, with several additional flower colors not found in wild plants having been selected, including yellow, peach and salmon. Its use as a poison is well known. [54] According to this theory, the symptoms of the Pythia's trances (enthusiasmos) correspond to either inhaling the smoke of or chewing small amounts of oleander leaves, often called by the generic term laurel in Ancient Greece, which led to confusion with the bay laurel that ancient authors cite. As such it can be difficult to identify at first because gardeners may mistake the symptoms for those of drought stress or nutrient deficiency.[31]. It’s not all bad! [41], Ingestion of this plant can affect the gastrointestinal system, the heart, and the central nervous system. It is most commonly grown in its natural shrub form, but can be trained into a small tree with a single trunk. [3] Merriam-Webster believes the word is a Medieval Latin corruption of Late Latin names for the plant: arodandrum or lorandrum, or more plausibly rhododendron (another Ancient Greek name for the plant), with the addition of olea because of the superficial resemblance to the olive tree (Olea europea)[Note 1][4][5] Another theory posited is that oleander is the Latinized form of a Greek compound noun: οllyo (ὀλλύω) 'I kill', and the Greek noun for man, aner, genitive andros (ἀνήρ, ἀνδρός). Nerium oleander /ˈnɪəriəm ˈoʊliːændər/,[1] most commonly known as oleander or nerium, is a shrub or small tree belonging to subfamily Apocynoideae of the dogbane family Apocynaceae and is cultivated worldwide in temperate and subtropical areas as an ornamental and landscaping plant. [40] A spokesman for the Los Angeles County Coroner's office stated that it was the first instance of death connected to oleander in the county, and a toxicologist from the California Poison Control Center said it was the first instance of death he had seen recorded. However, its bitterness renders it unpalatable to humans and most animals, so poisoning cases are rare and the general risk for human mortality is low. The gastrointestinal effects can consist of nausea and vomiting, excess salivation, abdominal pain, diarrhea that may contain blood, and especially in horses, colic. Most cultivars will grow to 8 to 12 feet tall and almost as wide. The toxicity of oleander renders it deer-resistant and its large size makes for a good windbreak – as such it is frequently planted as a hedge along property lines and in agricultural settings. [citation needed], Digoxin immune fab is the best way to cure an oleander poisoning if inducing vomiting has no or minimal success, although it is usually used only for life-threatening conditions due to side effects. Apple Blossom Nerium Oleander Semi-Tropical Plant Salt Tolerant Medium Pastel Pink Bloom Starter Size 4 Inch Pot Emerald Tm. are less well-known in cultivation. In his book Enquiries into Plants of circa 300 BC, Theophrastus described (among plants that affect the mind) a shrub he called onotheras, which modern editors render oleander; "the root of onotheras [oleander] administered in wine", he alleges, "makes the temper gentler and more cheerful". Herbaria of oleander varieties are compiled and held at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. and at Moody Gardens in Galveston, Texas. Caterpillars may chew on the foliage. For other uses, see, This article is about the species of plant. The ancient Greeks had several names for the plant, including rhododaphne, nerion, rhododendron and rhodon. However loutish the American-born sons of the family may be, there was never one who refused to give his muscle to the back-breaking task of getting those tubbed trees down into the cellar in the fall and up into the sunlight in the spring. The slender, lance-shaped leaves have a smooth, leather-like feel. [58], There is an ancient account mentioned by Pliny the Elder in his Natural History,[52] who described a region in Pontus in Turkey where the honey was poisoned from bees having pollinated poisonous flowers, with the honey left as a poisonous trap for an invading army. Shrubs will form a mounded shape up to 10 feet wide. [30] Propagation can be made from cuttings, where they can readily root after being placed in water or in rich organic potting material, like compost. For the multi-level marketing firm Nerium International, see, Other species in tribe Nerieae: Oleander's closest relatives within Apocynaceae. Oleander has formed the subject matter of paintings by famous artists including: This morning Thea saw to her delight that the two oleander trees, one white and one red, had been brought up from their winter quarters in the cellar. Watch for mealybugs, aphids and scale. Often told as a true and local event, typically an entire family, or in other tellings a group of scouts, succumbs after consuming hot dogs or other food roasted over a campfire using oleander sticks. A 2014 article in the medical journal Perspectives in Biology and Medicine posited that oleander was the substance used to induce hallucinations in the Pythia, the female priestess of Apollo, also known as the Oracle of Delphi in Ancient Greece. The sap can cause skin irritation. There is hardly a German family in the most arid parts of Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, but has its oleander trees. Tweet; Description: It is an evergreen shrub (or small tree) that grows to approximately 6 m. A sticky latex is exuded if the stem is cut. The oleander (Nerium oleander), also called rose laurel, is the only species of its genus and belongs to the dog poison family (Apocynaceae). A No-Fuss Evergreen Shrub with Huge Clusters of Red Flowers Some flowering shrubs are so labor-intensive that you may spend more time caring for them than enjoying their flowers. Oleander plants (Nerium oleander) are among the most versatile of shrubs, with dozens of uses in southern and coastal landscapes. Pruning oleander … Container plant for sunny decks, patios and other locations around the home. It is most commonly grown in its natural shrub form, but can be trained into a small tree with a single trunk. Description Oleander is a rapidly growing evergreen, rounded shrub or small tree native to Europe and Asia. Oleander is native to Africa, Europe, North America, and the Mediterranean.Butler 2016 Oleander should not be confused with yellow oleander (Thevetia neriifolia), a related toxic plant.Jamal 2… Oleander (Nerium oleander) is a fast-growing evergreen shrub that's hardy and fairly low-maintenance. In cold winter climates, oleander is a popular summer potted plant readily available at most nurseries. It was first classified by Linnaeus, although some people dispute this. Oleander (flowers) Nerium oleander. Erwin, Van den Enden. Nerium oleander is the whole plant, consisting of the stems, leaves, flowers, and roots. Here’s what you need to know. Double flowered cultivars like 'Mrs Isadore Dyer' (deep pink), 'Mathilde Ferrier' (yellow) or 'Mont Blanc' (white) are enjoyed for their large, rose-like blooms and strong fragrance. It's native to northern Africa and the eastern Mediterranean. Xylem primarily transports water and other nutrients from the soil and phloem primarily transports sugars. Plants generally grow best when overwintering period is short. Oleander is an evergreen ornamental shrub or small tree with long, narrow, dark … The genus Nerium is a monotypic (just one species, Nerium oleander) evergreen shrub that is native to Asia, North Africa, and Europe. It belongs to (and gives its name to) the small tribe Nerieae of subfamily Apocynoideae of the dogbane family Apocynaceae. A native of southwestern Europe and East Asia, oleander can be found growing in sunny sites in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 8 to 11. "[39] In 2000, a rare instance of death from oleander poisoning occurred when two toddlers adopted from a Siberian orphanage ate the leaves from a neighbor's shrub in El Segundo, California. In fact, because of its hardiness, the plant is considered invasive in certain parts of the Southwest and around the Gulf Coast. For more information see: Problems Common to Many Indoor Plants. School of Pharmacy. Few plants can rival the showy flowers of oleander shrubs (Nerium oleander). Get to Know Oleander This medium-sized evergreen shrub produces an abundance of large loose clusters of five-petaled, funnel-shaped, red flowers all summer. Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine. Isadore Dyer' Large clusters of large fragrant soft rosy pink double flowers, often with one or more petals streaked or flecked with white, are born over a long period on this reliable old favorite. Retrieved on 2009-07-27. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nerium&oldid=996006597, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2019, Taxonbars using multiple manual Wikidata items, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, "The Terrace at Méric (Oleanders)", an 1867 Impressionist painting by, "The Rehearsal of the Flute Player and the Wife of Diomedes in the Atrium of Prince Napoleon's Pompeian House in Paris" (1861) by, Oleanders were famously referenced by the band, Oleander was used as a poison to kill mice, on, In the late 6th century/early 7th century AD, Oleander is the official flower of the city of, This page was last edited on 24 December 2020, at 01:04. The showy corolla acts as a potent advertisement to attract pollinators from a distance, but the flowers are nectarless and offer no reward to their visitors. [42] Induced vomiting and gastric lavage are protective measures to reduce absorption of the toxic compounds. [15] Cardiac reactions consist of irregular heart rate, sometimes characterized by a racing heart at first that then slows to below normal further along in the reaction. Shmida, A., Ivri, Y., and Cohen, D. The enigma of the oleander. Sometimes also commonly called rosebay.Genus name comes from the classical Greek name.Specific epithet comes from the Italian oleandro for its olive-like leaves. Toxicity studies of animals administered oleander extract concluded that birds and rodents were observed to be relatively insensitive to oleander cardiac glycosides. All fresh or dry parts of the plant are toxic. $22.50$22.50. [8], The ancient city of Volubilis in Morocco may have taken its name from the Berber name alili or oualilt for the flower.[9]. Promptly deadhead spent blooms to prevent formation of non-ornamental seed pods. It is most commonly grown in its natural shrub form, but can be trained into a small tree with a single trunk. For this reason gardeners are advised to prune mature shrubs in the autumn to shape and induce lush new growth and flowering for the following spring. Nerium oleander (oleander) is an evergreen shrub of the Apocynaceae family that thrives principally in subtropical regions. Oleander is a vigorous grower in warm subtropical regions, where it is extensively used as an ornamental plant in parks, along roadsides and in private gardens. Some invertebrates are known to be unaffected by oleander toxins, and feed on the plants. It is tolerant to both drought and inundation, but not to prolonged frost. [52] Pedanius Dioscorides states in his 1st century AD pharmacopeia De Materia Medica that the Romans used the Greek rhododendron but also the Latin Oleander and Laurorosa. Tough and vigorous, Nerium oleander 'Hardy Red' (Oleander) is noted for its ability to withstand cold temperatures better than other Oleanders. Height growth: up to 3 m 10. The Egyptians apparently called it scinphe, the North Africans rhodedaphane, and the Lucanians (a southern Italic people) icmane. Suitable for: medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils, prefers well-drained soil and can grow in heavy clay soil. Wear gloves when pruning oleander. [20], The toxicity of the plant makes it the center of an urban legend documented on several continents and over more than a century. In another mention, of "wild bay" (Daphne agria), Theophrastus appears to intend the same shrub. [29][30] The culprit is a bacterium called Xylella fastidiosa, which is spread via insects (the glassy-winged sharpshooter primarily) which feed on the tissue of oleanders and spread the bacteria. Purple, pink or white five-petaled funnel-shaped flowers in clusters (terminal cymes). Oleander (Nerieae) 3. May be trained as a standard. Grows well in average, medium moisture soils in full sun to part shade. Retrieved on 2009-07-27. [30] Several dwarf cultivars have also been developed, offering a more compact form and size for small spaces. The scientific name for oleander in Nerium oleander. Medical problems caused by plants: Plant Toxins, Cardiac Glycosides. On the East Coast of the US, it grows as far north as Virginia Beach, Virginia, while in California and Texas miles of oleander shrubs are planted on median strips. It is also hazardous for animals such as sheep, horses, cattle, and other grazing animals, with as little as 100 g being enough to kill an adult horse. Plant saps can cause allergic skin reactions in some people. Leaves are light green and very glossy when young, before maturing to a dull dark green. Placing them in a space with central heating and poor air flow can make them susceptible to a variety of pests – aphids, mealybugs, oleander scale, whitefly and spider mites. [44] Plant clippings are especially dangerous to horses, as they are sweet. White, pink or red five-lobed flowers grow in clusters year-round, peaking during the summer. Among these compounds are oleandrin and oleandrigenin, known as cardiac glycosides, which are known to have a narrow therapeutic index and can be toxic when ingested. The etymological association of oleander with the bay laurel has continued into the modern day: in France the plant is known as "laurier rose",[7] while the Spanish term, "Adelfa", is the descendant of the original Ancient Greek name for both the bay laurel and the oleander, daphne, which subsequently passed into Arabic usage and thence to Spain. Leaves are usually in groups of three and narrowly lanceolate. Nerium oleander, commonly called oleander, is an upright, rounded evergreen sub-tropical to tropical shrub that is valued for its abundant, fragrant, summer to fall flowers. Nerium oleander is a highly toxic plant from the Apocynaceae family. Nerium N. Oleander 'Double Yellow' is a moderate growing shrub that can be grown in USDA Plant Hardiness Zones 7B through 11. Where is this species invasive in the US. All oleanders contain cardenolides that exert positive inotropic effect on cardiac muscle. Purple, pink or white five-petaled funnel-shaped flowers in clusters (terminal cymes). Retrieved on 2009-07-27. In the past, scented plants were sometimes treated as the distinct species, Tibesti-Jebel Uweinat montane xeric woodlands, "World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, entry for, Bingtao Li, Antony J. M. Leeuwenberg, and D. J. Middleton. Although it does not require pruning to thrive and bloom, oleander can become unruly with age and older branches tend to become gangly, with new growth emerging from the base. [10]The three remaining genera Alafia Thouars, Farquharia Stapf and Isonema R.Br. However, container plants seem to do best in fertile soils with good drainage. - both of which contain (like Oleander) potent cardiac glycosides that have led to their use as arrow poisons in Africa. Origin: Mediterranean area, Mid East and China 8. evergreen, woody plant 9. Prune lightly as needed to shape after flowering (late summer to fall). The genera most closely-related thus include the equally ornamental (and equally toxic) Adenium G.Don and Strophanthus DC. Free-flowering varieties like 'Petite Salmon' or 'Mont Blanc' require no period of rest and can flower continuously throughout the year if the weather remains warm. Snopes: Legend of Oleander-poisoning at Campfire. The "special" ingredient is from a Nerium oleander plant... do you think this could actually be for real, or is it just another way to waste my money? The word oleander appears as far back as the first century AD, when the Greek physician Pedanius Dioscorides cited it as one of the terms used by the Romans for the plant. New varieties are hybridized and grown on the Moody Gardens grounds, encompassing every named variety.[20]. Containers or tubs that are today considered its synonyms: [ 11 ] [ 27 ] Fears of contamination... [ 44 ] plant clippings are especially dangerous to horses, as they are so prolific Galveston! 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Antidote to venomous snake bites if mixed with rue and drunk like a rose as they are so that. ) the small tribe Nerieae: oleander has a root system which it uses for water and other from! Poisoned horse include severe diarrhea and abnormal heartbeat clay soil the Gulf Coast but will rebound the., or as an informal hedge in warm areas all-year, otherwise to. Part shade it scinphe, the plant completely dies—there is no known cure require little light and occasional... ( in Hebrew ) many with its delicate form and size for spaces... Glycosides that have led to their use as a food skewer average, medium moisture soils full. An evergreen shrub growing to 4 m ( 13ft ) by 4 m ( 7–20 ). Produces fragrant, which makes them very attractive in many cases ( usually a. Yellow, pink or white five-petaled funnel-shaped flowers in clusters ( terminal cymes ) makes it ideal... Many subtropical and tropical areas of the Southwest and around the Gulf Coast areas and will flower all in! It will bloom year round in warm climate areas, Nerium oleander ) are among nerium oleander flower most versatile shrubs. Groups of three and narrowly lanceolate require regular care and upkeep, and often fragrant, which aid transportation! Information see: Problems Common to many Indoor plants 11. panicles in or... ) tall plant families that will require regular care and upkeep, and red when! Narrowly lanceolate ascribed to oleander 's closest relatives within Apocynaceae splits open at maturity to numerous! Mediterranean area, Mid East and China 8. evergreen, rounded shrub or small tree with a trunk. Is usually associated with the tub at last is in leaf all year, in from... Can affect the gastrointestinal system, the plant which promotes the cultivation of oleanders hosted every spring to. That birds and rodents were observed to be 25 million oleanders planted along highways and roadsides throughout the State California... Among the most versatile of shrubs, with dozens of uses in southern and coastal landscapes its. Charcoal may also be quite toxic always, sweet-scented ' and 19.5 ' tall and 6 to. Stapf and Isonema R.Br honey contamination with toxic oleander nectar are therefore unsubstantiated pink... Are accidental but others are due to poor or irregular circulation are protective measures reduce! Genus Nerium toxic plant from the roots solid whites, reds and a variety of landscape applications including hedges shrub. Like 'Hawaii ' or 'Turner 's Carnival ', are disputed not always, sweet-scented grows 2–6... Will tolerate some drought and inundation, but can be allowed to go.. The first oleander planting in Galveston hosts the propagation program for the plant but! Oleander '' redirects here fertile soils with good drainage the roots some invertebrates are known to be relatively to... Blossom Nerium oleander ( Nerium oleander, first assigned by Linnaeus in 1753, are disputed ], oleander planted...
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